2013年2月28日

意大利很亂?談計算政府穩定性的問題

關於最新意大利政壇的困局,有「做足功課」的港媒去查了一下意大利資料,發現意國更換總理次數頻繁,就說意大利政制怎樣混亂,令政府長期都是短命,施政困難云云。但我看著同樣的資料,卻可以說意大利政壇長期非常穩定!同樣資料,不同結論,只因連學界本身對於怎樣計算政府是否穩定,都有不同定義。

先看看某很用功的港媒的報導:

「意大利二戰後至今出現過近50個短命政府,很大程度歸咎於1948年通過的新憲法,着重議會的代表性,多於政府運作有效性,國會參、眾兩院都採用嚴謹的比例代表制,令政黨難以獨大,同時令施政困難。」

http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/international/art/20130227/18178265

之後再看看到底意國換過多少次政府: (由於次數的確很多,不能盡錄,請直接參看 Wiki)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Italy#Presidents_of_the_Council_of_Ministers_of_the_Italian_Republic_.281946_.E2.80.93_present.29

一「look」下去,單是計二戰後 (1946年後) 的意大利,即意大利推倒君主制成為共和制後的時間,也要「look」9頁才看到現任總理蒙蒂,真是廣東話講的「水蛇春咁長」!

我們再縮短時間帶,只看1946至1981年的35年。當中換過21次總理,即平均1.7年換一次。把改組內閣也算進去,則是改組過38次政府,平均每11個月就換一次,連一年也捱不住!搞成這樣,還不是意大利政局混亂?可是即使看著同樣這個表,我用不同計法,依然可以說意大利政局在這段期間非常穩定!

首先我們看總理的名字和相片,有沒有發現有些人重複出現?沒錯,如果只計總理人選,這段期間是有14人曾出任總理,平均任期增加至2.5年一人。再仔細點看,這14人全部來自同一個政黨,基督民主黨 (DC)!如果我們計算政治穩定的基礎,是看執政黨的話,那意大利35年來都由同一個政黨掌權,豈不是非常穩定?

我們再換一換時間帶,改為看1946至1992這46年。數字則轉為:48次改組政府、28任總理、18個總理人選、只有3個政黨的人做過總理。也就是說:平均11.5個月改組一次政府、平均1.6年換一次總理、每人平均做2.6年總理、每個政黨平均執政15.3年。再再再仔細點看,基民黨在46年間掌握住總理職位40年,而即使是沒有出任總理期間,基民黨亦有參與聯合政府,所以基民黨是在這46年間無間斷地參加政府。如果再再再再再仔細分析,這46年間更是每場選舉都是由基民黨勝出做第一大黨,選民表態非常,甚至可以說是異常,地穩定。

不同計法,你可以說意大利很混亂,也可以說意大利很穩定。在計算政府穩定性方面,學界並無統一客觀標準。但只是說這段期間的意大利政局的話,一般分析都認為是基民黨一黨獨大,是穩定多於不穩定。

而且事實是,意大利雖然在二戰中後期也淪為戰場,受到嚴重破壞,戰後在美國支援下卻快速復甦,在50跟60年代經濟增長每年平均超過5%。謹管期後增長放緩,現在仍是歐盟第4大經濟體,及世界第8大經濟體,G8成員之一。而且別忘了,「貝佬」貝盧斯科尼在90年代至今,斷斷續續掌權9年,單論政府更和次數,較90年代以前為少,但經濟卻無甚改善。經濟表現跟政府更換頻繁,似乎亦無直接關係。

好吧,講到這裡,感覺上只是我又為駁而駁,想說港媒又怎麼不了解外國政治,然後乘機抬高自己。我沒講過我沒有這個意思。不過其實這背後還有一個更深層次的問題,也可以應用在香港上。不過時間夜了,有機會再講。(希望不要又走數。)

29 則留言:

  1. parallels-desktop-crackThis article is so innovative and well constructed I got lot of information from this post. Keep writing related to the topics on your site.

    回覆刪除
  2. ntlite-crack
    can be just really a rather productive and useful tool for the personalization of managing techniques. For that, you can make your variant of the system. It helps the consumer or perhaps maybe not mandatory components.new crack

    回覆刪除
  3. Thanks for sharing such great information, I highly appreciate your hard-working skills which are quite beneficial for me. sketchup pro up4pc

    回覆刪除
  4. Thanks for this post, I really found this very helpful. And blog about best time to post on cuber law is very useful. sketchup pro crack

    回覆刪除
  5. Such a nice and helpful piece of information. I’m so happy that you shared this helpful information with us. Please keep us up to date like this. Thanks for sharing. solidworks-crack

    回覆刪除
  6. Amazing blog! I really like the way you explained such information about this post with us. And blog is really helpful for us.auslogics-boostspeed-crack/

    回覆刪除
  7. Adobe Photoshop CC Crack Such a nice and helpful piece of information. I’m so happy that you shared this helpful information with us. Please keep us up to date like this. Thanks for sharing. Visit My site

    回覆刪除
  8. Master PDF Editor Crack
    ProCrackerz
    This software is very helpful for as, thanks for sharing.

    回覆刪除
  9. Thanks for sharing such great information, I highly appreciate your hard-working skills which are quite beneficial for me
    Autodesk Maya Crack
    Nicepage Crack
    FL Studio Crack
    Farming Simulator Crack
    WinZip Crack
    Flowjo Crack
    Refx Nexus VST Crack
    Lumion Pro Crack

    回覆刪除
  10. Hello there, I just discovered your blog on Google, and I like it.
    is quite useful. I'll keep an eye out for brussels sprouts.
    If you keep doing this in the future, I will be grateful. A large number of people will profit.
    based on your writing Cheers!
    ccleaner crack
    avg rescue usb crack
    hitman pro crack
    typing master pro crack

    回覆刪除
  11. Thanks for the Post, This is great information to help garage type SEO people like me, - Download All Mobile Firmware File For Free and 100% Working Without Password
    Mailspring Crack
    Letasoft Sound Booster Crack
    WBS Schedule Pro Crack
    Rekordbox DJ Crack
    Plagiarism Checker X Pro Crack

    回覆刪除
  12. I am glad that you shared this useful info with us. Please keep us up to date like this. Thanks for sharing. it’s actually a nice and useful piece of info.
    Arturia Pigments 3.1.0.1552 VST Crack
    InPixio Photo Focus Pro Crack
    OfficeSuite Premium Crack
    Wowza Streaming Engine Crack
    ff Works Crack

    回覆刪除
  13. Thank you, I’ve recently been searching for information about this subject for a long time and yours is the best I have found out so far.
    vmix pro crack
    manycam pro crack
    eset internet security crack
    wondershare allmytube crack
    utorrent pro crack

    回覆刪除
  14. Your writing and structure have greatly impressed me.
    blog Was this something you purchased, or did you make the changes yourself?
    Whatever the situation may be, the most important thing is to listen to new music with high-quality lyrics.
    It's rare to come across a blog of this calibre today.
    nvidia rtx voice crack
    nitro pro crack
    home designer pro crack
    minitool power data recovery crack

    回覆刪除
  15. I will save your blog for future reference and will be back soon.
    Your presentation is very easy to understand, but I don't like it.
    Yes, I would like to ask if you are familiar with an online community that covers the same topics as this article.
    Keep up the good work and enjoy the rest of the weekend!
    acronis true image crack
    macbooster crack
    atom crack
    tenorshare icarefone crack

    回覆刪除
  16. This is a great blog! Your site is loading too fast!
    What type of web server do you use? Can you send me an affiliate link for your web host?
    I hope my site loads as fast as yours.
    g data antivirus crack
    abelssoft antilogger crack
    among us crack
    world of tanks wot crack

    回覆刪除
  17. This is the best software for designers and engniers. From this we can make 3D structures. Must read https://cracksir.com/solidworks-crack/

    回覆刪除
  18. Your blog is so amazing and informative. This was an excellent article. Thank you for sharing it.
    AirDroid

    回覆刪除

  19. Your Post is very nice. I really appreciate your content. It's all going well here and of course, everyone enjoys it.
    skatter

    回覆刪除

  20. I am very thankful for the effort put on by you, to help us, Thank you so much for the post it is very helpful, keep posting such type of Article.
    BookCAT Crack
    Job Simulator Full Version
    Mixed In Key 10 Crack

    回覆刪除
  21. I am very thankful for the effort put on by you, to help us, Thank you so much for the post it is very helpful, keep posting such type of Article.
    Mindjet MindManager Crack
    Microsoft Office Crack

    回覆刪除